EPPP: neurotransmitters
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Increase likelihood next cell will fire. Ex. Glutamate
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Decrease likelihood next cell will fire. Ex. GABA
Acetylcholine (ACH)
voluntary movement, sleep-wake cycle, memory
ACH: peripheral
nerve to muscle
Movement disorders associated with ACH
myasthenia gravis
Myasthenia gravis
muscle weakness due to blocked ACH receptors
ACH: brain
storage and consolidation of memories
Memory disorders associated with ACH
Alzheimers and age-related dementia= declines in ACH due to decline in cholinergic neurons that secrete ACH
Subtype of ACH
Nicotine: sub-receptors in the periphery (each muscle cell) and brain (hippocampus)
Nicotine
sub-type of ACH, enhance alertness and memory by mimicking ACH
Catecholamines
Dopamine; Norepinephrin
Dopamine
voluntary movement, mood
Dopamine: brain
brain based motor control: frontal lobes, cerebellum, basil ganglia
Dopaminergic system
associated with neuro-based output and disorders with too much or too little activity
Too much dopamine
Huntingtons, Tourettes, Mania, Schizophrenia, Substance addiction
Too little dopamine
Parkinson's, ADHD, depression
Dopamine in ADHD
dopamine transporters remove dopamine too fast
Dopamine in Parkinson's
in movement disorders, the deterioration of neurons that secrete dopamine
Dopamine in Tourettes
linked to Tourettes; dopamine blockers help like haloperidol
Dopamine hypothesis
Dopamine in Schizophrenia: too much or over-sensitivity to dopamine. This may underline mania too
Dopamine and depression
low levels of dopamine results in depression, and stimulant drugs increase levels of dopamine at synapses
Norepinephrin
fight or flight reaction, linked to depression mania, and schizophrenia
Catecholamine hypothesis
too little norepinephrin= depression, too much norepinephrin= mania
Serotonin
indolamine; mediates core functions including body temp, hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, arousal, sleep, mood
Disorders associated with serotonin
depression, mania, schizophrenia, OCD, eating disorders, and migraine headaches
Excess serotonin
schizophrenia; autism; anorexia
Low serotonin
depression, mania, suicide and OCD, bullimia
What lowers serotonin levels?
food restriction; drugs that increase serotonin not good when underweight and restricting
GABA
always inhibitory; falling asleep
Irregularities in GABA
contribute to epilepsy
How do barbituates affect GABA?
Increase GABA activity
Low levels of GABA underlie what?
Anxiety
Loss of GABA-containing neurons in the basil ganglia underlies what?
Chorea in Huntingtons
Chorea
involuntary, rapid, and irregular movements
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; levels in hippocampus linked to memory and learning
Excessive glutamate levels
excitotoxicity linked to seizures, stroke-related damage, Huntingtons, and Alzheimers
Endorphins
endogenous morphines; medicate analgesic effects; implicated in certain pleasurable emotions; control emotion, memory, learning, and sexual behaviours
What do neuro transmitters do?
Regulate the nervous system and mediate transmission of information from one neuron to the next
Mobile Apps
Review your study material on the go!
Extensions
Learn as you browse the web and study decks directly in Google Sheets.