Pathophys Final Flash Cards

short term, develops quickly, high fever, sever pain

develops gradually, milder symptoms, often intermittent with acute episodes

decrease in the size of cells;results in reduced tissue mass

increase in cell size; results in enlarged tissue mass

increased number of cells;results in enlarged tissue mass

mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

cells vary in size and shape within a tissue

undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures

“new growth” commonly called a tumor

refers to programmed cell death; controlled by gentic elements

deficit of oxygen in the cells

reduced oxygen in tissues,nutritional deficits

results in lysis causing nearby inflammation

Na, K, Ca, O2, H2O, Glucose

fluid inside the cell

intravascular fluid/interstitiatl fluid/cerebrospinal fluid/transcellular fluids

excessive amount of fluid in teh interstitial compartment

7.35-7.45

Egypt

allows a patient to respond to general commands but is relatively unaware of what is occuring

provides functional assestment related ot normal activities of daily living

type of infection that has transmission development occuring in most continents

promotes calcium absorption from intestine, ingested or synthesized in the prescence of UV rays, activated in kidneys

increase in carbon dioxide levels

decrease in bicarbonate ions

the excess of hydrogen ions, decrease in serum pH

deficit of hydrogen ions, increase in serum pH

study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses, adverse effects

they are mild undesirable effects of a drug, even at recommended doses

allergic reactions; may be mild or can result in anaphylaxis

lung and colorectal

generic name, trade name, and chemical name

treats acute injuries as well as chronic conditions

area of skin innervated/controlled by a specific spinal nerve

repeat exposure to the same antigen, more rapid, 1-3 days

cellular growththat no longer responds to normal genetic controls

the level of stimulation required to elicit a pain response

most common system used to stage cancer; primary Tumor size, spread of tumor (Metastasis), lymph Nodes

based on the concept that one's health status is dependent on the state of the nervous system

use of essential oils

(pain receptors) free sensory nerve endings; responds to any tissue damage, results in pain

"mapped"- correspond to source of pain stimuli

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

degree of intensity and duration that varies from person to person

subjection but can be compared from day to day in the same person

influenced by personality, emotions, and cultural norms

sudden and severe, short term, localized or generalized

occurs over extended time, may be recurrent, often generalized

injected or applied to skin or mucous membranes

blocks pain from legs or abdomen

causes loss of consciousness (gas or injection)

mechanical barrier, nonspecific; unbroken skin and mucous membranes, secretions (tears and gastric juices)

nonspecific, phagocytosis, inflammation

death of tissue

aspirin

tylenol

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

corticosteroids

acetylsalicylic. ibueprofen, glucocorticoids, acetaminophen

Rest Ice Compression Elevation--I.C.E within the first 24-48 hours

superficial/partial thickness, involving the epidermis and aprt of hte dermis

deep thickness, involving the epidermis, part of the dermis and has a blister formation

full thickness, destruction of all skin layers and often underlying tissues

organism is able to reproduce in or on body's tissues

in a single individual

continuous transmission within a population

first response to antigen, 1-2 weeks bere antibody titer reaches efficacy

atrophy hyperplasia, neoplasia

usually differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate than normal

undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells, rapid reproduction, spread to distant cites

identifies genetic mutations that are independent of heredity but only occur wiht the disease itself

alternative surgery for small single tumors, expect the lungs

can be used prior to surgery to shrink a tumor, causes mutations or alterations in target DNA

antimitotics, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, antibiotics-used in combinations of 2 or 4

experimental cancer treament to replace mutated genes with healthy copy of gene

painless, malignant tumor of the epidermis, most commonly found on exposed areas of the skin but also in the oral cavity

The connection between the brain and the spinal cord; midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

infarction of brain tissue that results from lack of blood

minimal brain trauma, result of mild blow to the head or whiplash-type injury

bruising of the brain tissue, rupture of small blood vessels and edema, result of blunt blow to the head

involve displacement of a piece of bone below the level of the skull

results from bleeding between the dura and skull

develops between dura and arachnoid

occurs in space between arachnoid and pia

results from contusions or shearing injuries

spinous processes do not fuse, herniation of spinal cord and meninges does not occur

type of spina bifida, meninges and CSF form a sac on the surface, herniation of the meninges occurs through defect

most serious form of spina bifida, herniation of spinal cord and nerves along with meninges and CSF

6-touch, hot, cold, pressure, pain, stretch

5-taste, smell, hearing, equilibrium, and vision

stimulated by mechanical force; touch pressure, equilibrium, hearing

change in chenical concentration; taste, smell

stimulated by change in the temperature; warm and cold receptors

respond to light; rods and cones in teh retina (eye)

black and white vision

color vision

synovial joint; allows movement in one direction only (knee and elbow)

synovial joint;a rounded head of one bone fits into a concavity on another bone (hip, shoulder)

synovial joint; ends of each bone are saddle shaped (thumb)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces

edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue(fascia)

a tear in a ligament

a tear in a tendon

swayback;curvin inward at the lower back

hunchback or humpback; abnormally rounded upper back

s- or c- shaped; sideways curve to the spine; affecting thoracic or lumbar area or both, may crompress heart, lungs, or both

paralysis on one side of the body

paralysis of the lower body half

paralysis of trunk and all four limbs

Symmetrical paralysis in any area of the body

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome; acute respiratory infection, droplet transmission, associated with Covid

radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection or lobectomy, chemotherapy and radiation, photodynamic therapy

2 hormones-T3/T4, hormones are released in response to TSH, disorders result from pituitary or thyroid gland dysfunction, Goiter, hyperthyroidism(Graves Disease) , hypothyroidism,

common, portions of stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm

aka Paraesophageal Hernia; part of the funus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped

formation of gallstones; solid material(calculi) that form in bile

inflammation of gallbladder and cystic duct

inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts

obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones

herniation of mucosa through the muscular layer of colon

asymptomatic diverticular disease

inflammation of the diverticula

most malignancies develop from adenomatous polyps, primarily in age 50+,early diagnosis is essential,

size of kidneys and number of nephrons decrease, GFR and reserve capacity decrease, responsiveness to ADH is decreased 80% of elderly men experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, elderly women often experience incontinence

visualizes lower urinary tract; used to perform biopsy or remove kidney stones

urethral opening on ventral or upper surgace of the penis

urethral opening on dorsal (underside) of the penis

excessive fluid collects in space between layers of the tunica vaginalis of the scrotum

testes rotate on teh spermatic cord, compressing arteries and veins; spontaneous or following trauma

any substance or situation that causes a developmental abnormality;virus, smoking, alcohol, radiation, herbal medicaiton

exerted when blood is ejected from ventricles (high); bottom number

pressure when ventricles relax, BP is altered by cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance to blood flow

arterial changes, loss of elasticity, lumen gradually narrows, cause of increased BP

atheromas in large arteries; plaques consisting of lipids, calcium, and possible clots

deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs; chest pain may occur in different patterns

heart attack; coronary artery is totally obstructed

most common congenital heart defect; opening in the interventricular septum, may very in size and location

hemoglobin (protein and iron) deficit; causes a reduction in oxygen trasport

pylycythemia vera; increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic disorder

erythrocytosis; increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia

group of neoplastic disorders involving WBCs, uncontrolled WBC production in bone or lymph nodes

T-cytotoxic cells directly kill cells w/foreign antigens, both types of specific immunity require T-helper cells to recognize it is forgeign, involves the realease of interleukin-1

antibody mediated; B-cells producing antibodies, T-helper cells activate B-cells by releasing interleukin-2, stimuated B-cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells

ability to move fluid between the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems does not decrease, number of B-cells in lymphoid tissue will remain relatively stable, number of T-cells decreases, thymus gland shrinks

initially involves a single lymph node, spreads to adjacent nodes, presence of Reed-Sternberg cells

partially caused by HIV infection, multiple node involvement, nonorganized with widespread metastases

synovial joint; allow for slinding only ( carpals and tarsals)

synovial joint; allow for side to side and back and forth movement (wrist and heal)

synovial joint; rotation (Atlas and Axis)

bone is broken, forming seperate pieces

bone only partially borken

skin is broken

skin is not broken

single break, maintaining alignment and position

multiple fractures and bone fragments

bone is crushed or collapsesd into small pieces