Botany Flashcards
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-oid, -folia
Suffix: Resembling
-osa, -osus,- osum
Suffix: Full of
-ula
Suffix: Little
alba, albus, album
White
amabilis
Lovely
annua
Annual
anthus, flora
Flower
aquifolia
Leaves like holly
artemisiifolia
Leaves like Artemisia
arvensis, arvense
Cultivated fields
balsamifera
Bearing a fragrant resin
betulina
Like birch
biennis
Biennial
biloba
Having two lobes
bistorta
Twice-twisted
carpus
Fruit
cataria
Like a cat
caulis
Stem
cerifera
Wax-bearing
cinerea
Grey or Ash
coccus
Berry
cordata
Heart shaped
crispus
Curly
cyana, cyanus, cyanum
Blue (G)
deltoides
The leaf looks like a triangle or the Greek letter Delta
dendron
Tree
didyma
Twin or in a pair
flexilis
Able to bend
fragilis
Fragile, brittle
glabra
Smooth, hairless
glaucous
Powdered, waxy
hastata
Arrow shaped
hederacea
Like ivy
hortensis, hortense
Garden
lutea, luteus, luteum
Yellow (L)
melan, melano
Black (G)
membranaceus
Resembles a membrane
millefolium
A thousand leaves
monotropa
One turn (G)
monticola
Mountain dwelling
nigra, nigrus, nigrum
Black (L)
nobilis
Notable, famous
oleracea, oleraceus, oleraceum
Vegetable garden
ovata
Oval
palustris, palustre
Marshy
perennis
Perennial
phyll
Leaf
pin (ie pinnate)
Feather
piperita
Peppery
polygonatum
Many joints
polygonum
Many seeds or knees
pratensis, pratense
Meadow
purpurea, purpureus, purpureum
Purple (L)
quinquefolius
With five leaves, leaflets or lobes
racemosa
Full of racemes
repens, reptans
Creeping
resinosa
Full of resin
rhiza, radix
Root
rubra, rubrus, rubrum
Red (L)
sativa, sativus, sativum
Cultivated
scrophularia
Resembles tuberculosis or swollen glands
somnifera
Bearing sleep
spectabilis
Spectacular
spicata
Spear shaped
stellaria
Like a star
sylvestris, sylvestre
Woods
tanacetifolia
Leaves like tansy
tetramera
Four petals
thalictroides
Resembles Thalictrum the meadow rue
tridentata
Three teeth
triphyllum
Three leaves
tuberosum
Full of tubers
tulipifera
Carrying tulips
uniflora
One flower (L)
vesiculosus
Full of vesicles or bladders
vinifera
Wine bearing
virens
Green (L)
vulgare, vulgaris
Common
xanth, zantho
Yellow (G)
Taxonomic ranking mnemonic
Dear
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Good
Soup
First principal taxonomic rank
Domain
Second principal taxonomic rank
Kingdom
Third Principal taxonomic rank
Phyla (singular: Phylum) or Division
Fourth principal taxonomic rank
Class
Fifth principal taxonomic rank
Order
Sixth principal taxonomic rank
Family
Seventh principal taxonomic rank
Genus (plural: genera)
Eighth and lowest principal taxonomic rank
Species
A group of closely related species
Genus
A group of closely related "species groups"
Family
Standard method for the naming and classification of plants
Nomenclature
The two word scientific name of a plant
Latin binomial or Botanical name or Scientific name
The first word in the two word scientific name of a plant
Genus
The second word in the two word scientific name of a plant
Specific epithet
The species name consists of both the _________ and __________.
Genus and Specific Epithet
Branch of biology concerned with observing the relationships between organisms throughout evolutionary time
Phylogeny
Evolutionary time
Phylogenesis
Diagram that depicts the sequence of events associated with changing evolutionary traits and behaviours in organisms
Phylogenetic tree (Cladogram)
What are the 5 categories of kingdom in taxonomy.
Monera (bacteria)
Protista (sponges, algae, seaweed)
Fungi (Yeasts, moulds and mushrooms. Lichens are included here but are an interdependent/symbiotic association of algae and fungi)
Plantae (Plants)
Animalia (Animals)
First small, simple type of cells to have evolved with semi-rigid cell wall and genetic material as circular DNA molecule not enclosed in a membrane
Prokaryote
Larger, more complex cells evolved from first type of cell, with genetic information enclosed in a membrane forming a nucleus
Eukaryote
The name of the person who named a plant, when listed within the scientific name, is known as the __________.
Authority
Abbreviation: Sp
Species
Abbreviation: Spp
Several species
Abbreviation: Subsp
Subspecies
Abbreviation: X
Hybrid
Founder of taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus
Plants that absorb water and nutrients directly through the surface of the plant
Non-vascular spore plants - mosses (Bryophyta), hornworts (Anthocerophyta) and liverworts (Hepaticophyta)
The first plants that absorbed water and nutrients through an assemblage of conducting tissues and associated supportive fibres
Vascular spore plants - ferns (Polypodiophyta) and their allies Psilophyta (Whisk Ferns), Lycophyta (Club and Spike Mosses) and Equisetophyta/Sphenophyta (Horsetails)
Plants with seeds exposed to the air for pollination
Gymnosperms (naked seeds) - Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta
Plants with seeds enclosed deep within the parent plant
Angiosperms (flowering plants) - Magnoliophyta
Earliest flowering plants with netted veins in the leaves and usually floral parts in 4s and 5s
Basal dicots/pre-dicots (dicots/dicotyledons)
Flowering plants with parallel venation, complexly arranged (scattered) vascular bundles, fibrous root system and flower parts in multiples of 3
Monocots (monocotyledons) or Liliopsida
Flowering plants with netted (reticulate) venation, vascular bundles arranged in rings, usually taproot system and usually floral parts in 4s and 5s
Eudicots (true-dicots/dicots/dicotyledons) or Magnoliopsida
One baby leaf
Monocotyledon
PLANT LIFESPAN:
Long lived; may continue to flower and fruit year after year indefinitely
Perennial
PLANT LIFESPAN:
Tend to settle in during the first year and then flower in the second year, dying off at the end of that year
Biennial
PLANT LIFESPAN:
Complete their life cycle from germination to fruiting in one year and then die away
Annual
PLANT LIFESPAN:
Often found in inhospitable conditions like deserts and must carefully time their flowering phase as they go through multiple generations within a year
Ephemeral
Two baby leaves
Dicotyledon
Plant vascular tissues which transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves
Xylem
Plant vascular tissue which conducts photosynthates from leaves to all areas of plants
Phloem
Plant directional growth in response to a stimulus
Tropism
Plant directional growth in response to gravity
Gravitropism
Plant directional growth in response to light
Phototropism
Plant directional growth in response to water
Hydrotropism
Plant directional growth in response to touch
Thigmotropism
4 root zones
Cap, Apical Meristem, Zone of Elongation, Area of Differentiation
ROOT STRUCTURE
Covering on root tip that protects, lubricates (secretes slimy substance to enable smooth motion through soil) and directs growth
Root cap
ROOT STRUCTURE
Main area of cellular activity and division
Apical Meristem
ROOT STRUCTURE
Zone where root cells grow enabling expansion of root system producing movement down into the soil.
Zone of Elongation
ROOT STRUCTURE
Area cells become more specialised take on certain roles in the plant
Area of Differentiation
4 functions of roots
Anchorage
Absorption of water and minerals
Storage of photosynthates
Hormone production to stimulate cell division, stem elongation and guide direction of root growth
ROOT SYSTEM
Roots system found in monocotyledons that grow from anything but another root (may be stem or leaf)
Adventitious root system
ROOT SYSTEM
Found in dicotyledons consisting of one dominant root with many smaller roots emerging
Tap root system
ROOT SYSTEM
Root system found mostly in monocotyledons (and some dicots) consisting of roots of equal size
Fibrous root system
Primordial root system
Radicle
Primordial shoot system that photosynthesising leaves emerge from
Plumule
ROOT MODIFICATIONS
2 above ground modifications that provided additional support for heavy and talls trees
Prop and Buttress roots
ROOT MODIFICATIONS
Found on parasitic plants
Haustorial, eg mistletoe
ROOT MODIFICATIONS
Allow plants grow up walls/other structures - roots search out dark crevices while plant grows towards light
Climbing, eg Ivy
ROOT MODIFICATIONS
Main root running under water that shoots off smaller roots that rise up to breathe above the water line.
Pneumatophores, eg Mangrove
STEM STRUCTURE
Germination stem
Plumule (primordial/embryonic stem)
STEM STRUCTURE
2 stem growth types
Primary (vertical growth) and Secondary (lateral growth/increase in girth)
STEM STRUCTURE
Point of proliferation (not present in roots) which give rise to lateral stems, leaves and flowers.
Node
STEM STRUCTURE
The space between two nodes where elongation of the stem occurs
Internode
STEM STRUCTURE
Bud found at the apex of the stem
Terminal bud
STEM STRUCTURE
Angles created between leaves and stems. Often flowers develop
Leaf axils
STEM STRUCTURE
Flowering buds that develop in a leaf axil.
Axillary bud
STEM FUNCTION
4 stem functions
- Physical support for leaves, flowers and fruit
- Act as vessels for vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
- Act as storage vessels for water nutrients
- Some allow propagation without sexual reproduction by trailing along the ground and dropping off new root systems
STEM MODIFICATIONS
4 undergound modifications that act as storage vessels
Bulb, eg onion, garlic
Tuber, eg potato
Corm, eg Iris spp
Rhizome, eg ginger, galangal, black cohosh
STEM MODIFICATIONS
4 aerial stem modifications
Cladodes, eg desert cacti
Climbers/tendrils, eg Passionflower
Stolons (creeper), eg Centella asiatica
Thorns, eg Rose, Crataegus oxyacantha
LEAF ANATOMY
Main vein centre of leaf (seen in dicots) providing important structure for the movement of water, foods and waste materials into and out of the leaf
Midrib
LEAF ANATOMY
Smaller veins off of midrib
Venules
LEAF ANATOMY
Leaf stalk that attaches to main stalk
Petiole
LEAF ANATOMY
Small appendage at base of leaf
Stipule
LEAF ANATOMY
Closest and furthest points of the leaf from the stem
Base and apex
LEAF ANATOMY
Top surface face of the leaf
Lamina (face or blade)
*Compound leaf lamina is sum of ALL leaves
LEAF ANATOMY
Periphery of leaf
Margin
LEAF ANATOMY
Breathing pore structure on underside of leaf
Stomata (sg Stoma)
LEAF ANATOMY
What are the 3 leaf functions?
Photosynthesis, respiration and moisture regulation via waxy cutucle layer
LEAF ANATOMY
What are the two leaf structures?
Simple and compound
LEAF ANATOMY
Leaves that have a lamina that has not been sectioned into smaller leaves (leaflets)
Simple leaf
LEAF ANATOMY
Leaves have a lamina that has been sectioned into leaflets
Compound leaf
LEAF ANATOMY
Stem like structure formed by petiole in compound leaves
Rachis
LEAF ANATOMY
3 types of compound leaf
Trifolate (3 divisions)
Palmate (more than 3)
Bicompound (doubly compound with rachilla and pinnules)
LEAF ATTACHEMENT
Leaves attach to stem via a leaf stalk
Petiole
LEAF ATTACHEMENT
Leaf attaches to stem with no obvious stalk
Sessile
LEAF ATTACHEMENT
leaves appear ro wrap around stem at their base
Sheathing
LEAF ATTACHEMENT
Leaves wing off stem with basal part of lamina extending on to stem itself
Decurrent
LEAF ATTACHEMENT
Appears to be peirced at stem
Perfiolate
LEAF ATTACHEMENT
Leaves attach to stem at centre back of leaf
Peltate
LEAF ARRANGEMENT
Scientific approach to leaf arrangemetn on stem
Phyllotaxy
LEAF ARRANGEMENT
4 main types of leaf arrangement
Alternate (1 leaf/node, take turns up stem)
Opposite (2 leaves/node, opposite each other) - also opposite decussate (Lamiaceae family)
Whorled (more than 3 leaves/node, whorling around stem)
Basal rosette or radical (all leaves emerge at once, fanning out around stem )
LEAF SHAPE
2 types of leaf margin
Entire or lobed
LEAF SURFACE
4 types of leaf surface
Glabrous - shiny, mostly hair free surfae
Glaucous - waxy, bluish grey surface
Pubescent - leaf covered in fine hairs
Wooly - densly covered in hairs
LEAF MODIFICATIONS
Sheath that wraps around the base of a leaf or its petiole for added support
Ochrea
LEAF MODIFICATIONS
Wraps around structures for support
Tendril
LEAF MODIFICATIONS
Modified leaf provide protection
Spine
LEAF MODIFICATIONS
Leaf modified for water storage
Succulents
LEAF MODIFICATIONS
Leaves can acts as traps, adapted to catch insects for essential nutrition for the plant
Carnivorous
LEAF MODIFICATIONS
Grow at the base of the flower protecting it as it grows. They can be showy and brightly coloured
Bracts
Individual leaf like structure that protects flower bud - Outermost whorl
Sepal
Sum of leaf like structures that protect flower bud - Outermost whorl
Calyx
Individual, often brightly coloured structures that attract pollinators - Second whorl
Petal
Sum of often brightly coloured structures that attract pollinators - Second whorl
Corolla
Sepals and petals (calyx and coralla) together are called _________
Perianth
Sepals that cannot be visually differentiated from petals
Tepals
Stalk attaching flower to stem
Pedicel
Base of flower connecting to pedicel
Receptacle
Sugar secreting glands at base of ovary
Nectary
Third whorl in flower structure
Stamens
Innermost whorl in flower structure, containing ovules and eggs
Carpels (Pistils)
Sum of all stamens
Andrecium
Sum of all carpels/pistils
Gynoecium
Uppermost part of stamen, containing pollen
Anther
Individual pollen molecules
Pollen grains
Lower part of stamen
Filament
Lower part of carpel/pistil
Ovary
Upon maturation, ovary becomes the _____, egg becomes _____
Fruit and seed
Mid part of carpel/pistil containing preistaltic tissue to move pollen down to ovary
Style
Uppermost part of carpel/pistil, coated in sticky substance to catch pollen
Stigma
4 functions of flowers
Produce gametes (sperm and egg cells)
Disperse and receive pollen
Enable fertilisation
Form fruit
Flowers with androecium and gynoecium
Bisexual (Perfect)
Flowers with androecium and no gynoecium
Male (Imperfect, Unisexial, Staminate)
Flowers with gynoecium and no androecium
Female (Imperfect, Unisexual, Pistilate)
Flowers with no gynoecium and no androecium
Steriile or neurtral (Imperfect)
Flowers with all 4 whorls present (Sepals, petals, stamens and pistils)
Complete
Flower with less than 4 whorls present (lacking either sepals, petals, stamens, pistils)
Incomplete
Plants containing both male and female flowers on the same plant, with flowers either male or female (can fertilise itself)
Monoecious
Plants containing either male or female flowers but not both on the same plant (need another plant for reproduction)
Dioecious
Plant containing bisexual flowers
Hermaphrodite
Flower shape that is radially symmetrical
Actinomorphic
Flower shape that is bilaterally symmetrical
Zygomorphic
Flower fusion where different types of flower parts are fused together, eg: fusion of petals to sepals or fusion of stamen to petals.
*Will only occur between one whorl of a flower and the one directly next to it
Adnate fusion
Flower fusion where the same types of flower parts are fused together, eg: fusion of petals to petals or fusion of sepals to sepals
Connate fusion (conn = like French)
4 features of ovaries used for identification
Ovary position
Number of carpels/pistils contained
Wheter pistils/carpels are fused (syncarpous or apocarpous)
Placentation - location of the placenta within the ovary
Ovary chamber housing ovules
Locule
Ovary position where ovary sits above the point where the other flower parts attach
Superior
Ovary position where ovary sits below the point where the other flower parts attach
Inferior
Ovary position where ovary sits neither above or below the point where the other flower parts attach
Half inferior
Flower parts position where parts attach above the ovary
Epigynous (Above gynoecium)
Flower parts position where parts attach below the ovary
Hypogynous (Below gynoecium)
Flower parts position where parts attach both above and below the ovary
Perigynous
Fused carpels
Syncarpous
Free carpels
Acarpous
Positioning or placenta in ovary
Placentation
Small stalk attaching placenta to ovule
Funucilus
Placentation where there a carpel contains many ovules
Marginal placentation
Placentation where there is one loculus within the ovary, but may be more than one placenta attached inside wall.
Parietal placentation
Placentation where the placentas are arranged upon a central axis in an ovary that contains more than one locule.
Axile placentation
Placentation where there is only one chamber in the ovary (despite consisting of several fused carpels) and the placenta is raised on a central column.
Free central placentation
Placentation where there is only one ovule within the loculus and the ovule attaches at the top of the loculus.
Apical placentation
Placentation where there is only one ovule within the loculus and the ovule attaches at the base of the loculus.
Basal placentation
The order in which flowers bloom and mature on the peduncle
Maturation style
Flowers bloom first at the base of peduncle, in an upwards direction - oldest flowers found at base of peduncle, youngest flowers at top of peduncle
Racemose or Acropetal (Indeterminate growth - peduncle can continue to grow)
Centripetal racemose if horizontal iflorescence (umbel/capitulate inflorescence)
Flowers bloom first at top of peduncle (preventing further vertical growth of peduncle) in a downwards direction - oldest flowers are found at top of peduncle, youngest flowers at base
Cymose or Centripetal (determinate growth - peduncle cannot grow after first(terminal bud) emerges)
Centrifugal cymose if horizontal iflorescence (umbel/capitulate inflorescence)
Arrangement or pattern of peduncles/pedicels
Branching style
Branching style where one flower axis is dominant and any lateral growth is subordinate
Monopodial
Branching style where tip of the flower stalk (peduncle) always terminates in a flower so all future growth is lateral, meaning there is not one dominant stem axis
Sympodial or multipodial branching
Flower stalk with many or clusters of flowers
Peduncle (flower axis)
Cluster of many flowers sharing the same stalk
Inflorescence
Single flower on one stalk
Solitary flower
Minatureised lower on a peduncle
Floret
INFLORESCENCE TYPE:
Flowers attached directly to peduncle (sessile), with racemose maturation style
Spike
INFLORESCENCE TYPE:
Flowers attaching with pedicels along the peduncle, usually racemose maturation style
Raceme
Compound raceme - multiple flowers attaching at each attachment point on the peduncle
Panicle
INFLORESCENCE TYPE:
Flowers alternating up the peduncle, however the pedicels continue to grow to ensure that all flowers reach the same level, creating a flat inflorescence surface
Corymb
Inflorescence appears flat on top, however multiple flowers grow at each alternating attachment point on the peduncle.
Compound Corymb
INFLORESCENCE TYPE:
Flowers emerge from one central point on peduncle, often with bracts, inflorescence surface can be flat or rounded
Umbel
Flowers emerge from one central point on ray that attaches to peduncle, often with bractlets, inflorescence surface can be flat or rounded
Compound Umbel
INFLORESCENCE TYPE:
Many florets embedded into an enlarged receptacle, may have both: central floret = disc floret, external florets = ray floret, or only one type (ray + disc = radiate; ray only = ligulate)
Capitulum or Head
Reproduction where male and female gametes must meet and go through a process of fertilization in order to produce an ovule capable of growing an embryo and becoming a seed.
Double fertilisation
Endosperm
Embryo
3 Roles of fruit
Protection for the seeds
Assist in dispersal of the seeds (eg Dandelion - achene & papas)
Provide nourishment for seeds to support germination
3 layered external wall of ovary
Pericarp
External layer of pericarp
Exocarp
Middle layer of pericarp - usually largest volume of fruit/fleshy parts
Mesocarp
Inner layer of pericarp - usually thin wall around seeds
Endocarp
Fruit that is only the ovary
True fruit
Fruit that is the ovary plus accessory parts
False fruit
FRUIT CLASSIFICATION
3 types of fruit classifiaction
Simple
Aggregate
Multiple
FRUIT CLASSIFICATION
Fruits develop from one carpel and only have one fruit wall
Simple
FRUIT CLASSIFICATION
Fruits (often fruitlets) develop from combination of many fertilised ovaries that are often very small.
Gynoecium is apocarpous - fruits don’t share the same wall. Ovaries clump together giving appearance of one bumpy fruit. eg raspberry & blackberry.
Aggregate
FRUIT CLASSIFICATION
Fruits develop from an inflorescence where multiple separate flowers share the same peduncle.
Fruits are called fruitlets and the resulting fruit is called an infructescence
Multiple
FRUIT TYPE
2 types of texture classification
Dry and Fleshy
Dry - eg. nuts and caryopsis fruits found in rice and grains indehescent and dehiscent
Fleshy - eg.
DRY FRUITS
One-seeded fruits with a thin pericarp. Develop from a superior ovary
Achene
DRY FRUITS
Types of achenes found in grasses (Poaceae family), and develop from superior ovary
Caryposis
DRY FRUITS
Develop from an inferior ovary and may have a hair modified calyx, called a pappus. Found in Asteraceae family
Cypsela
(achene + pappus = achene)
DRY FRUITS
Larger and harder version of achene. May develop from syncarpous ovary and have only one seed.
Nuts
DRY FRUITS
winged single or double achene designed for flight. They are indehiscent.
Samaras
DRY FRUITS
Develop from two carpels in a syncarpous gynoecium. Once mature, the schizocarp splits into two mericarps, which is essentially the splitting of the two carpels. It is indehiscent
Schizocarp
DRY FRUITS
Often pod shaped and develop from a single carpel with one or more seeds. They are dehiscent and split apart on maturity.
Follicle
DRY FRUITS
single carpel and on maturity, they split along two sides to release their seeds
Legume
DRY FRUITS
Contain many seeds and develop from a syncarpous gynoecium. On maturity they open to release their seeds.
Capsule
DRY FRUITS
Dry fruit type that naturally release seeds upon maturation.
Dehiscent
eg Capsule, follicle, legume
DRY FRUIT
Dry fruit type that do not release their seeds on maturity. The fruit remains closed and seeds.
Indehiscent
eg Achene, caryposis, cypsela, schizocarp
FLESHY FRUIT
No woody layer, usually more than one arpel or seed. grow from syncarpous gynoecium and ovary may be inferior or superior
Berry
FLESHY FRUIT
Ovary wall that develops into a fleshy mesocarp and a stony endocarp that surrounds the seed. They often have just one seed.
Drupe
eg coconut
FLESHY FRUIT
Grow from an inferior ovary, and have an expanded floral tube that comprises most of the flesh of the fruit. No woody layer
Pome
FRUIT TYPE
Berry with a leathery rind
Hesperidium
eg - citrus lemon
SEED DISPERSAL
5 methods of seed dispersal
Water - coconut
Air - dandelion (cypsela - achene + pappus)
Force/explosion - shepherd's purse
Gravity
Animals
SEED DISPERSAL
SEED DISPERSAL
SEED DISPERSAL
SEED DISPERSAL
SEED DISPERSAL
SEED DISPERSAL
Rose: Almond subfamily - Spiraeas
Amygdaloideae
Rose: Almond subfamily - Plums
Amygdaloideae
Rose: Almond subfamily - Apples
Amygdaloideae
Parsley/Carrot/Celery family
Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Aloe
Asphodelaceae
Ginseng family
Araliaceae
Asparagus family
Asparagaceae
Aster or Sunflower family
Asteraceae (Compositae)
Borage family
Boraginaceae
Mustard family
Brassicaceae/Cruciferae
Rose: Dryad subfamily
Dryadoideae
Horsetail family
Equisetaceae
Heath family
Ericaceae
Pea family
Fabaceae
Poppy: Fumitory or Bleeding Heart subfamily
Fumarioideae
Walnut family
Juglandaceae
Mint family
Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Lily Family
Liliaceae
Mallow family
Malvaceae
Myrtle family
Myrtaceae
Olive family
Oleaceae
Poppy family
Papaveraceae
Plantain family
Plantaginaceae
Grass family
Poaceae/Gramineae
Knotweed family
Polygonaceae
Buttercup family
Ranunculaceae
Buckthorn family
Rhamnaceae
Rose family
Rosaceae
Rose: Rose subfamily
Rosoideae
Figwort family
Scrophulariaceae
Nightshade family
Solanaceae
Nettle family
Urticaceae
Valerian family
Valerianaceae
Ginger family
Zingiberaceae
Passion flower family
Passifloraceae
Family with square stalks and opposite leaves; usually aromatic.
Lamiaceae/Labiatae
Family with compound umbels and five petals and stamens, usually hollow flower stalks
Apiaceae/Umbelliferae
Family with weedy annuals, small flowers with 4 petals and sepals, and six stamens - 4 tall and 2 short
Brassicaceae/Cruciferae
Family with "showy" monocot flowers, with floral parts, ie. petals and sepals, in multiples of 3
Liliaceae
Family with petalless, wind-pollinated monocot flowers with the stamens and/or pistils enclosed in brackets
Poaceae/Gramineae
Family with 5 petals, typically with numerous stamens, and a fuzzy centre made of many partially fused pistils
Rosaceae
Family with composite flowerheads, with multiple small flowerheads attached to a pitted disc
Asteraceae/Compositae
Family with 5 united petals with stamens attached, 5 separate sepals, 4 nutlets (or less by abortion); often covered in bristly hairs
Boraginaceae
Family with dicot flowers, with 3 or more simple pistils, usually with hooked tips
Ranunculaceae
Family with umbels (not compound) and berries, of moist forests with regular flowers with 5 petals
Araliaceae
Family with petals in 4s with numerous stamens and alternate leaves, superior ovary; often milky sap; sepals usually half number of petals
Papaveraceae
Family with flower parts in 5s, united petals in trumpet, saucer or tubular flowers with pleated petals and a 2 chambered ovary; often with foul smelling leaves
Solanaceae
Family with banner, wings and keel; ___ like pods and often pinnate leaves; usually compound leaves with stipules; nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules
Fabaceae
Family with mostly red, pink or white bell, urn, tube or funnel-shaped flowers, with flower parts in 5s; leaves often evergreen; fused petals (usually 5), separate stamens (usually 5)
Ericaceae
Encloses and protects the cell contents and plays a vital role in cell division and cell expansion
Cell wall
What is the cell wall composed of?
Cellulose microfibrils, other polysaccharides and varying amounts of lignin
Other substances that may be present in the cell wall are gums, resins, silica, calcium carbonate, waxes and cutin, and both structural protein and enzymes (which are also proteins)
What is the function of the pits in the cell wall?
Communication between cells; facilitating the flow of water and mineral nutrients between conducting cells in the xylem vascular tissue
Region between the primary walls of adjacent cells
Middle lamella
Cementing substance composing middle lamella
Pectin
Thin areas in the cell wall with tiny strands of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) connecting one cell with another
Pits
What encloses the cytoplasm?
Plasma membrane
What is the cytoplasm composed of?
Cytosol and organelles
Functions in regulation of osmotic balance and turgidity of the cell, and it stores secondary metabolites.
Vacuole
Single layered membrane surrounding vacuole
Tonoplast
Double-membrane organelles involved in photosynthesis, pigment production and storage, etc.
Plastids
Plastid where photosynthesis takes place.
Chloroplasts
Sac-like structures within chloroplasts
Thylakoids
Stack of thylakoids where green chlorophyll pigments are located
Granum
Chlorophyll and proteins bound to the thylakoids use light energy to make simple sugars from carbon dioxide and water
Photosynthesis
Colorless plastid containing storage products such as oils, protein bodies or starch grains
Leucoplasts
Red, orange or yellow plastid differentiated from chloroplast
Chromoplast
Primary sites of enzymes controlling cell respiration (a chemical release of energy from sugar or other metabolites)
Mitochondria
Organelle responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
Organelle responsible for producing and secreting cell wall polysaccharide precursors and complex carbohydrate substances that are secreted out of root cap cells (to lessen injury to the growing root as it penetrates the soil)
Dictyosomes (Golgi bodies)
And each of these neuronal organs or these root hairs are exchanging information view of some of the same neurotransmitters as we use. Right. Oh my God. Using gaba, glutamate,acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin.So they're all of these individual root hairs and their roots are making these decisions, oh, this is too hard,I'm going to move over here.
Each root tip continually detects numerous parameters such as gravity,temperature, humidity, electrical fields, light pressure, chemical gradients,the presence of toxic substances, sound vibrations,the presence or absence of oxygen and carbon dioxide.The tip registers these continuously and guides the roots using a real calculus to take into account the plant's local and global needs.
Rudolf Steiner - First, we have signatures,which are just when the plant grows in a stressed area,when it's too hot or too damp, or there's sand by the river or whatever,it's adapted to that area,and it takes care of similar problems in us. Too much water, not enough,too much heat, too much cold, et cetera.
But he also said what to us is like a disease comes and causes a bunch of symptoms and a problem force of nature and external environmental influence comes upon the plants over hundreds of millions of years and changes their shape and their whole destiny,their whole adaptation to the environment.So a new environment starts to move in change. And in one valley,the species starts to change into something new.And so what marks the plants in those ways are the same things that give us the diseases. And that's a perfect description of, and he says,this is why the doctor of signatures does work.And so I'm grateful for that.
Book: cosmic serpent (tobacco)
Book: Dietrich Gumbel
lythrum salicaria (loosestrife) - clears pooled blood from eyes after a blow (possible macular degeneration?) glaucoma - reduce fluid/pressure in eye (with blue vervain - indispensable for glaucoma: bonaldo), topically to improve microcirculation around eye, fluid retention
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