Counseling exam

Turner’s syndrome,

Hemophilia

Sickle cell anemia,otherwise known as sickle cell disease (SCD),

Equilibration.

Balance theory

a. ABA design. The A stands for the baseline, which is the behavior before an experimental or treatment procedure is introduced. B is the treatment. After the treatment is implemented the occurrence of A (the behavior in question) is measured to see if a change is evident.

behavioral, structural, and maturational

allow clients to work through early conflicts.

Counselors of this persuasion allow the client to work through the old painful material. Theoretically, the counselor acts almost like a perfect nonjudgmental Parent. And thus the client can explore the situation in a safe, therapeutic relationship. Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapists fall into this category. -allows clients to work through early conflicts.

Hysteria

fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli.

incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.

The father of reality therapy with choice theory

A branch of philosophy that examines how we know what we know.

All the stages before the last stage of Formal operations (which begins at age 11 or 12).

maturational development viewpoint and early conflicts

Psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapists

No one theory explains developmental processes, know All.

The balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and That which is changed (accomodation).

A child achieves balance.

Disequilibrium (then the child needs to change the schemas to accommodate info to achieve equilibration again.

Stingy

Considered an oral character (hint: the mouth is part of the Body that is closely related to smoking and alcoholism.

E.G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, Relied on tests & assessments to match traits, aptitude and interests With a given occupation.

Depicted with a hexagon including 6 personality types/work Environments. Congruence between the person & job emphasized.

RIASEC

Can also be referred to as a life span model. Self concept as well as career/vocational maturity, influences one’s career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles such as a child, student etc. He didn't believe it was a theory he created and felt mislabeled.

Super

decision-making

Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. It asks: “Is the client person-oriented (teaching) or nonperson-oriented (computer programming)”? -Was influenced by Freud and Maslow- psychoanalytic doctrines

Initially a social learning theory. It has 4 factors: 1. Genetic endowment & unique abilities 2. Environmental conditions & life events 3. Learning experiences (either from Pavlovian Or Skinnerian). 4. Task approach skills (problem solving etc.

Was first developmental approach to occupational choice. Original idea was that career choice was irreversible then dropped. Stages are: Ages 11 and under: fantasy Ages 11 to 17 early adolescence-tentative Ages 17+ realistic

Worked with Donald Super. Theory heavily rooted in narrative Therapy (intervention focused on recurring themes to re-author the story.

Focuses on how one’s belief system impacts career choice.

Developmental approach taking one’s childhood into account. Phase one: rule out certain jobs not acceptable for gender, social class, Stereotypes. Phase two: change mind, major if career path is not realistic.

Believed they occur approximately 5-10 years after a person begins Begins work and guides future career choices (based on what person is good at & self-concept. 1. autonomy/independence 2. security/stability 3. technical/functional competence 4. General managerial competence 5. Entrepreneurial creativity 6. Service/dedication to a cause 7. Pure challenge 8. lifestyle

Since the beginning of the counseling & guidance movement and Are still major areas of concern.

Started the guidance movement, started vocation Bureau, was a vocational guidance counselor.

1. Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and interests. 2. Knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and disadvantages of them. 3. Matching the individual with the work.

Occupational sex-role stereotyping

A theory that puts a mix of factors into the ring that is relevant once the individual is employed such as an employee’s performance being influenced by rewards, satisfaction, expectancy (what are they capable of doing) and instrumentality (will manager give the promised reward such as a raise?”

schools

A therapeutic service for adults performed not in school setting.

The total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure.

A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money.

Psychological testing one’s personality can be matched to an occupation which stresses particular personality traits.

A job candidate’s personality or decision to hire is based on closeness of the match-based one’s pattern of predictor scores.

Longitudinal and reversible.

trait and factor theory

Edmund Griffith Williamson, chief spokesperson for the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint.

Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

individual change throughout the life span

personality

Which career theory is it?

Trait and factor approach

Trait-and-factor (the assumption is humans are rational)j

Parsons and Williamson and C.F. Patterson

Personality theories of career choice

is referring to humanistic approaches is referring to Multiculturalism.

Developmental

Developmental

Fields and levels and Rorschach and the TAT. Suggested memory device: Roe begins with an “r” and so does Rorschach. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is similar in that it is a projective test.

Answer: Unskilled

The eight occupational “fields” include: service, business contact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment.

will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.

lower-order needs take precedence over higher-order needs. -The job meets the most urgent need.

genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.

Roe

Technically, a job refers to a given position or similar positions within an organization. An occupation is broader and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (e.g., psychotherapists). Career is the broadest category because it depicts a person’s lifetime positions plus leisure. * Possible memory device to recall the order from most specific to most general: Joc (which sounds like the word Jock)

.Bordin.

John Krumboltz worked with a behavioristic model. Cognitive approach.

Edgar H. Schein who proposed an approach using eight so-called anchors. The goal is to find an anchor that encompasses your career values, motives, and competence. This model lends itself to helping a worker who has been in the workforce for a few years.

Edwin Bordin, though, felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalytic approaches—used in regard to career choice or other issues—have never been extremely popular with helpers trained in counseling departments since short-term, time efficient modalities are stressed. Neurotic

Donald Super, who created a five-stage life-span theory emphasizing that career choice is a developmental process based on the individual’s self-concept.

Roe: Fields and levels and Rorschach and the TAT. influenced by genetics, parent–child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence? Also, early childhood experiences are indeed important.

Trait-and-Factor :Parsons and Williamson and C.F. Patterson- one of the first major and most durable theory of Careers. It has been named as the matching approach, which uses statistical data from tests rather than subjective clinical judgment. Traits can be matched to occupations. Uses psychometric data.

A. A. Brill used psychoanalytic doctrines and emphasized sublimation as an ego defense mechanism.

John Holland: which the personality–environment interaction is congruent. Holland felt that people try to avoid environments which are disagreeable. A host of studies lends support to his theory of personality types. Used most today. * Although Holland’s theory is usually dubbed as a personality theory, it has been viewed as a trait-and-factor approach. Since most exams won't mention the trait-and-factor category, the answer they are usually looking for is that Holland created a personality approach to career counseling.

Robert Hoppock’s theory, Henry Murray, Roe: personality traits

a.Sublimation

rational-emotive behavior

First, in our culture, there are six basic personality types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional. Second, most work environments correspond to six personality types. Third, people search out an agreeable environment which lets them express their personality type. Fourth, the individual’s behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the environment. Possible memory device for the six types of personality/environments: “as rice.” Holland’s Self-Directed Search (SDS) is designed to measure the six personality types.

realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional. Possible memory device for the six types of personality/environments: “as rice.”

Teachers, counselors, speech therapists, and social workers

Enterprising

???

John Holland.

.personality

Henry Murray created the “needs-press” theory and the TAT (along with Christina Morgan) projective test. The occupation is used to meet a person’s current need.

“experimenter effect,”

David Wechsler

Forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning Forming: set group rules, get cohesiveness. Leader: clarify goals, provide structure. Storming: Power struggles, competition, resistance Leader: facilitate healthy conflict resolution, encourage open communication. Norming: Members resolve differences, cooperation, support, increased trust among members. Support autonomy, encourage collaboration. Performing: working toward goals, problem-solving, high motivation, roles are clear among group, and self-directed. The leader can just delegate & monitor progress. Adjourning: Reflection, celebration, sense of accomplishment or sadness,for group ending. Provide closure, guide reflection, acknowledge members contributions.

Process and Product- Process groups- goal is to let your guard down, group looking to get close and make connections, group sets the norms, getting to know each other, figure out what to do and how to act. Product group- Just want to be in group cause have to and to get sheet of paper as proof.

Ptsd and on the 31st day turns into it.

1 year for kids and 2 years for adults

3 days to 30 days

where have bipolar and schizophrenia at same time and 3 days to 30 days of symptoms. Turns into schizphrenia

30 days to 6 months

6 months

Peeing on themselves, don't need to worry about it until they are 4 years or older.

Less

More

Extreme anxiety about leaving the house, but they will. Treatment is flooding (all at the same time-pull them out of house or Implosion (imagine leaving the house), or systematic desensitization by Joseph Wolpe

In sync and okay with who they are, been that way their whole life and not wanting to come in for treatment ex. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (wanting shirts in same spot and always been that way.

Thoughts & feelings that contradict your values, identity and cause discomfort and distress.

No empathy or remorse for what have done. Under 18, and done something illegal to be diagnosed with this.

Bad disturbing behavior showing no empathy. Have to be diagnosed with conduct disorder as a kid. They are typically the ones to be serial killers, hurting kids or animals when younger. Treatment if anything will work is teaching them empathy and that others are hurting and feel pain as they do.

Full of life, want lots of attention, dramatic, not as indecisive as border line and will typically be women.

Male

People that don't leave their house and don't want to be bothered, typically loners

Being judged, they don't want to be judged

The person is in love with someone and then hates them after 5 minutes and go from one extreme to the other. You will often feel crazy yourself after spending 30 min with them. Treat with DBT because they are in sync with who they are, they see nothing wrong. Have unstable personal relations, impulsive behaviors, difficulty trusting others, rapid mood shifts.

The personality disorder believes they have to wash their hands to get bugs off of them because they believe bugs are on them and that’s the only way to get them off. Obsessive compulsive disorder has always been that way and feel nothing is wrong, they may just be perfectionists or like things certain ways.

Is something added to decrease behavior. Ex. Add, consequence, spanking, criticism

Is something removed to decrease behavior. Ex .Remove, timeout, take away, loss of privileges.

Pairing, association, stimulus-response, unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, automatic response

Reinforcement, punishment, consequence, reward, behavior change, voluntary behavior

Observational learning, imitation, role model-watching and copying others

Social learning (also considered cognitive behavioral)

Pavlov- classical conditioning B.F. Skinner- operant conditioning John Watson -early behaviorism Edward Thorndike- law of effect Albert Bandura- social learning and cognitive behavioral

Observable behavior, measurable outcomes. ABC (Antecedent-behavior-consequence, structured approach to change behavior

Altruism Universality Interpersonal learning Imparting information Developing socialization techniques Imitative behavior Group cohesiveness Catharsis

Stage 1: Pregroup-planning etc. Stage 2: Initial-orientation & structuring Stage 3: Transition-Create supportive environment, Keep group goals in focus, support but challenge members. Stage 4: Working- Members challenge each other, insight, change and healing occur in this stage. Stage 5: Final Stage-Reflect on progress, prepare for future challenges, review, closure and transition

Developmental and believe decisions on career are made throughout the lifespan, can make changes and does not end at age 20 or adulthood.

Donald Super- emphasizes the self-concept

Five- Memory device: GEE MD

The life career rainbow- describes the roles a person can potentially play in their life for example parent, homemaker, citizen, student, child, mother, worker, retirement, family roles, civic duties.

John Crites- it also may be referred to as vocational maturity.

David Tiedeman and Robert O’Hara-theory suggests that the decision process is breaking it down into two-part process. Anticipation stage-imagining self in the career. Implementation phase, person engaging in reality testing regarding their expectations.

Genetics and special abilities, the environment and special events, learning experiences and task-approach problem solving skills.

Circumscription-narrowing the acceptable alternatives and Compromise-realization that they will not be able to implement their most preferred choices.

When a supervisor erroneously rates the majority of workers as average.

"the fuel of the decision" 1. predictive system- 2. person's value system 3. decision system

1. predictive system-the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities. 2. person's value system-concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes 3. decision system-provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.

Occupational Outlook Handbook

approximately 20,000 job titles. Is the dictionary of occupational titles. It was replaced by the O"NET

career options-9 occupational categories

Albert Bandura

APGA (in 1952, American Personal and guidance Association until 1983, then became AACD (American Association for Counseling Development and Department, then in 1992 changed to the ACA

John Holland.

The individual's 3 highest scores based on Holland's personality types.

Donald Super, John Holland, Linda Gottfredson, John Krumboltz and Mark Savickas.

Actuarial and Developmental

theorists from this perspective focused on some ̳structure‘ of the individual such as needs, traits, interests, etc., and designed a theory of how career development occurs from that basis. Ex. Trait-factor theory

theorists from this perspective viewed career development as occurring over time, usually through stages. This process of career development could include various ̳structures‘ such as self-concept and need.

Self-concept was implemented in choice of career. He identified the concept of career maturity and later renamed it career adaptability to make it less age-related.

Crystallization (ages 14-18)—formulating a general vocational goal through awareness. Specification (18-21)—moving from a tentative to a specific vocational choice. Implementation (21-24)—completing training and entering employment. Stabilization (24-35)—confirming a preferred choice by performing the job. Consolidation (35+)—becoming established in a career; advancing; achieving status.

Crystallization (ages 14-18)—formulating a general vocational goal through awareness. Specification (18-21)—moving from a tentative to a specific vocational choice. Implementation (21-24)—completing training and entering employment. Stabilization (24-35)—confirming a preferred choice by performing the job. Consolidation (35+)—becoming established in a career; advancing; achieving status.

Approach based on existential principals here-and-now focus, dream work, roleplaying, confrontation holistic systems theory viewpoint Key Concepts: Personality responsibility, unfinished business and awareness of the now Doing is emphasized over just talking about problems

Belief in the uniqueness of each individual is influenced by social factors.

Life scripts-person has one that unconsciously develops a life plan at an early age that influences a person's character The personality has 3 ego states: parent, adult, and child (PAC), Promotes game calling, life positions-I'm ok-you're ok

Phenomenology is the basis of existential therapy. Searching for meaning. The goal of this therapy is the understanding of one's being, one's awareness of who one is and who one is becoming.

is the basis of existential therapy. is the study of our direct experiences taken at their face value. We have freedom of choice and ar responsible for our fate.

Karen Horney-Security is each person's major motivation Erich Fromm- The indviduah must join with others to develop self-fulfillment Harry Stack Sullivan-A social systems (interpersonal)approach can lead to understanding human behavior

Neo-Freudian- Security is each person's major motivatrion and the person becomes anxious when it is not achieved. Irrational ways to mend disrupted human relationships may become neurotic needs.

Neo-Freudian-The indviduat must join with others to develop self-fulfillment-social character-otherwise she or he may become oney and nonproductive.

Neo-Freudian-A social systems (interpersonal) approach can lead to understanding human behavior. Behavior can best be understood in terms of social interactions, not as mechanistic and linear.

What is the term to mean a significant person or thing that is the object or target of one's feelings or drives?

Fusion with mother: normal infantile autism (first 3-4 weeks of life) Symbiosis: with mother (3rd to 8th month) Separation/Individuation (starts the 4th or 5th month) Constancy of self and object (by the 36th month) 8 *Progressing through these stages provides the child a secure base for later development. The child develops trust that his or her needs will be met. *Attachment, borderline and narcissistic disorders may occur when normal porgression through these stages does not occur.

Wrote Psychological Birth of the Human Infant

What theorist focused on self-actualization and the focuse of counseling went from past to present and was on feelings?

B-(Aaron Beck) B-(Albert Bandura) M-(Donald Meichenbaum W-(Joseph Wolpe) *The belief is that behavior is learned and can be unlearned and relearned.

DBT

1. Mindfulness 2. Distress Tolerance-Accepting oneself and the situation in a non-evaluative way 3. Interpersonal effectiveness- developing effective strategies for asking for what one needs, saying no as appropriate, and coping with interpersonal conflict. 4. Emotion regulation-identifying emotions and obstacles to changing them, reducing vulnerability and increasing positive emotions

long-term

emotional and cognitive regulation

IWhat theory is based on it is not the events we experience that influence us, but rather it is our interpretation of those events that influence us, but rather it is our interpretation of those events that is important?

Emotive techniques- role-playing and imagery Theory teaches self-talk is the source of emotional disturbance Directive form of therapy utilizing homework, biliotherapy Critics say it does not emphasize feelings, the counselor client relationship and is even sterile. May be too complex for psychosis or thought disorders.

A- is an activiating event B- is the client's belief system C- is the emotional consequence D- the counselor disputes the irrational belief causing the behavior E-is a new emotional consequence that occurs when B becomes rational

Our perceptions control our behavior, and we behave to fill our needs. We act to control the world around us, and the real world is important to the extent it helps us satisfy our needs. We may not satisfy our needs directly. *Taking responsibility is a key concept*

Exceptions questions-what where the circumstances when the problem did not exist, these circumstances represent news of difference Miracle question Scaling question-On a scale from 1-10

neural networks

Triune The surviving brain The feeling brain (limbic system) - is the emotions center, mediating feelings and thoughts, and storing some memory The cortex comprises the Thinking brain, including executive functions, meaning-making, and self-awareness

is the stem and responds to danger and controls automatic functions (flight-fight)

is the emotions center, mediating feelings and thoughts, and storing some memory

What comprises the Thinking brain, including executive functions, meaning-making, and self-awarness.

Who acknowledged that individuals with their personalities exist within systems? Bheavior of an individual must be viewed as fitting any stystem of interaction including culture, its situational context, and field theory.

Believed behavior is a function of life space in which is a function of the person and the environment. He challenged the linear mechanistic view of behavior.

theory of reciprocal inhibition (Who developed it?)